----------------------- Essays (367 words) - Physics, Nationality

+ - - needed in any condition Albert Einstein Father of Modern Physics Prize $15,000 The most wonderful experience we can have is the baffling. It is the major feeling that remains at the support of genuine craftsmanship and genuine science. Wonder anymore doesn't have any acquaintance with it and can not ponder anymore, do not wonder, is as great as dead, and his eyes are darkened. An absolutist arrangement of compulsion, as I would see it, before long savages. For power consistently draws in men of low ethical quality, and I trust it to be an constant standard that despots of virtuoso are prevailing by frauds. My energetic enthusiasm for social equity and social obligation has continuously remained in inquisitive differentiation to a stamped absence of want for direct relationship with people. I am a pony for single tackle, not cut out for couple or cooperation. I have never had a place wholeheartedly with nation or state, to my friend network, or even to my own family. Everyone is a virtuoso. - Albert Einstein Early Life From the youth, Einstein gave indications of having a top to bottom ability and aptitude for arithmetic. During this time, he used to manufacture models also, mechanical gadgets, yet those were for unimportant amusement. It was at ten years old that Einstein's dream for the arithmetic developed, at the point when he was given over well known books on science, numerical writings and philosophical compositions by Max Talmund. These included Immanuel Kant's Investigate of Pure Reason, and Euclid's Elements. Needed FOR: Theories helped us have a superior comprehension of the universe. His speculations of extraordinary and general relativity helped us comprehend the connection among reality. With one celebrated condition, he appeared how matter and vitality are connected. Without his hypotheses and creations, we would know much less about our universe. Progressing History WWI WWII Praises 7 privileged doctarates Nobe Prize in material science 1921 Albert Einstein College of Medicine 4 Medals Benjamin Franklin Medal Significant Contributions Extraordinary and Gneeral Theory of Relativity Photoelectric Law Photons and the Quantum Theory Manhattan Project (venture was starterd due to his letter however he didn't partake) Theory of prehistoric cosmic detonation (exposed it) Conceived at Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germany on March14, 1879 Kicked the bucket at Pronceton, New Jersey on April 18, 1955 Gone to primary school at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich Appplied for Polytechnic School in Zurich Gone to secondary school in Aurau, Switzerland

My professional philosophy statement Essay

I will probably give a safe, sustaining, kid focused condition with a great instructive program that serves various kids and families. Theory My philosophical convictions are situated in my insight into kid advancement, speculations of kid conduct, and satisfactory accepted procedures for instructing small kids: Understanding children’s assume and the teacher’s job in controlling and encouraging subjective, social, enthusiastic and physical improvement through play. Building associations with youngsters and families through exchange, understanding, and intuitive encounters. Urging kids to settle on choices while learning and to see how their choices influence others. Managing kids through educator arranged, youngster started exercises dependent on children’s interests. These exercises upgrade children’s abilities in every aspect of improvement. I will probably give a domain that is sheltered, available, fascinating, and youngster focused. I need to give nurturance, direction and encounters to boost children’s complete turn of events. This depends on following articulations: All youngsters reserve the option to be acknowledged, regarded, and held onto as equipped. Kids are persistent students and learn best inside the setting of family and their ordinary encounters. Kids develop information by dynamic cooperation with genuine materials and nature. Free play is basic in building up the intellectual aptitudes of kids. Advancement of the â€Å"whole child† with an emphasis on advancing social, enthusiastic, psychological, and physical improvement ought to consistently be the primary objective. Evaluation of kids ought to be on-going, intelligent of children’s encounters, and happen inside the setting of day by day study hall exercises. Children’s family/social foundations widen the educational program for all kids. Coordinated effort among families and educators bolsters the improvement of the kid and self-teach connections. My consistent expert advancement improves my capacities to instruct.

Boy-Actresses and the Character of Rosalind in As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

Kid Actresses and the Character of Rosalind in As You Like It   â â â When Shakespeare composed his plays, ladies were not allowed to perform in front of an audience, so young men played the entirety of the female characters.â Unlike numerous apprenticeships, a kid figuring out how to turn into an entertainer had no set age at which to start and no set length of to what extent to consider, yet they for the most part started around the age of ten and kept assuming ladies or youthful jobs for around seven years.â These young men were apprenticed to a particular on-screen character inside an acting gathering, and were not appended to the association as a whole.â There was an exceptionally solid instructor understudy connection between the grown-up on-screen character and the kid, however there was likewise all the time a dad child relationship.â The young men for the most part lived in the grown-up on-screen characters home with his family.â The possibility of a disciple isn't hard to envision, yet for some cutting edge crowds, a ki d assuming the job of a ladies is extremely hard to picture.â This image is significantly increasingly hard to see while analyzing the plays of Shakespeare and the solid female characters that he frequently depicts.â (Bentley 117)  In Shakespeare's As You Like It, Rosalind has numerous layers and goes about as a character taking on various roles.â The possibility that there is a kid playing a lady camouflaged as a man claiming to be a lady for charming, is one that is confounding but then makes sense.â What adds to this is the possibility that Rosalind, masked as Ganymede, is professing to be Rosalind, not another lady, yet herself.â One can see that she sporadically slips from the job of Ganymede imagining, to being Rosalind, with remarks, for example, And I am your Rosalind (Norton 4.1-56) and By my life, she will do as I do (Norton 4.1-135).â In these occasions it is as if Rosalind overlooks that she is veiled as a man, yet what does this mean for the on-screen character playing her character?â For one it shows that he should be clear regarding which job of the character he was playing.â As one can envision  A crowd of people would be confounded except if the entertainer, paying little mind to sexual orientation, clarified when Rosalind herself was talking, when the character was talking as Ganymede, and when Ganymede was the generalized 'Rosalind'â (Shapiro 122).  This thought raises the flexibility that the kid more likely than not had so as to assume such a job.

Market Structure Of A Business - 1357 Words

â€Å"Today, the forces of competition, technology, and globalization have converged to spur innovation and to transform the way business is done in the securities industry.† (Arthur Levitt) Market structure is best defined as the organization and other characteristics of a market. How a business succeeds is based on the market, they choose to enter into. Another tool to analyze a company’s market structure, which includes the bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new competitors’ entering into the market, threat of substitutes and the intensity of competition. Some of the most important work in the development of economic theory is associated with the study market structure. From the perspective of a platform owner, when it owns part of the business on one side of the market, there are no straightforward answer as to whether having the rest of the business owned by another is advantageous or not. In my opinion a perfectly competiti on market is the best to open a business. I have outlined my thoughts and why a perfectly competitive market is the best market. A perfect competing market is a hypothetical market where competition is at its greatest possible level. Neoclassical economists argued that perfect competitive would produce the best possible outcomes for consumers, and society. The best market to have a business grow and develop in, would be a prefect competing market. There are many key characteristics of perfectly competitive markets toShow MoreRelatedTravel Business Franchise and Market Structure592 Words   |  2 PagesMy franchise operates in a markets characterized by a state of the monopolistic competition. Results! Travel competes in the travel business, helping customers sort out their travel options and booking travel for them. In this market, there are numerous competitors, but each tailors its service slightly differently. There are low barriers to entry, and all firms are in business to maximize profit. Lastly, firms in this market are typically not price takers, because they have the ability to reachRead MoreThe Impa ct Of Economic Condition Of A Business Organization1433 Words   |  6 PagesAny business can be influenced by the formation of economy. Economics is the fact that can establish or demolish a business. Changes of economic condition of a business organization are the main following factor. The increase of economic condition is the sign of business success. On the other hand a business organization can identify its failure by seeing the decrease of economic condition. Economics for business is related with the issues and problems regarding the economic strategies. The structureRead MoreOrganizational Structure And Management Process Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesits structure and its management process. The success of any firm is directly related to how well it is organized and how effective it s managed. Organizational structure and management processes are interrelated and they provide a gauge as to how effective an overall business strategy is implemented. The measure of succ ess in any business is how effectively it can compete in finding new opportunities and having the internal structure necessary to compete in different markets and business environmentsRead MoreInside Mass Trading By The Nearby Chairman1320 Words   |  6 Pageschairman to outwardly analyze the sundry business structures. My part is to give dissection and answers to these principal inquiries that will profit the chairman comprehend the structures of a number of the organizations in his city. With a specific end goal to short the leader, I was given the errand to examine the different business structures and qualities of every that will be examined in incredible detail alongside samples of the sundry business structures. Different focuses that will be examinedRead MoreMaximizing Profits in Market Structures1287 Words   |  6 PagesProfits in Market Structures 1 What are the characteristics of each market structure? A competitive market is many sellers that sell similar products with very little control over the market selling price. An example of competitive market structure is a gasoline station. There can be many gasoline stations in a certain mile radius, the more gasoline stations there are in a small area the higher the competitive the market. Monopolies: Monopolies are a group of business people whoRead MoreImportance Of The Micro Economic Environment1471 Words   |  6 PagesActivity one: 1.1Explain the importance of the micro-economic environment to business organisations: Microeconomics looks at how individual players in the economy, such as households and firms, interact. It focuses on the impact that their economic choices have on the allocation of scarce resources to meet unlimited demand. These interactions match what one party wants or demands in economic term and what the other gives in exchange (supply). Each time someone buys a chocolate bar from a newsagentRead MoreMarkets Driven vs Driving Markets Approach946 Words   |  4 Pagesthe â€Å"market driven† and â€Å"driving markets† approach of Microsoft. Which approach do you consider Microsoft utilizes? Customers first? Or innovation driven? Justify. By Viola Mosweu amp; Nkosana Nkomo Microsoft employs two approaches in being market oriented-a market- driven approach and a driving markets approach. Market driven refers to a business orientation that is based on understanding and reacting to the preferences and behaviors of players within a given market structure. Driving markets, onRead MoreStandardization For International Advertising?835 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined as the act or marketing strategy to sell products, services, needs by getting the consumer’s attention at an international level. Thanks to today’s technological advantages, small, medium and big businesses can reach the global market. By reaching new markets, getting new customers and adapting their businesses to meet the customer needs in order to maximize their revenue. In other hand, not all businesses are developed to meet the needs of international customers so their domestic populationRead MoreMultiple Challenges Faced by Philips and Matsushita in Managing Global Operations1655 Words   |  7 Pagesreorganizations in trying to manage global operations. Both have tried multiple organization structures, but have encountered some very distinct barriers caused by the external environmental factors which were critical in forming and executing each firm’s business strategy. The two companies are almost complete opposites when it comes to comparing their individual value chains. Philips and Matsushita also have firm structures that make their advantages and disadvantages uniquely interesting. HistoricallyRead MoreReview on Harvard Business Review Have You Restructured for Global Success?1109 Words   |  5 PagesHarvard Business Review Have you restructured for global success? By Kumar, N. and P. Puranam, published in 2011. The article focuses on the importance of structural changes that occur or have to be implemented, when multinational companies enter emerging markets, such as China and India, in order to operate successfully and exploit these mar kets to their full potential. The authors name several examples of what challenges companies faced and how they restructured to adapt to markets in developing

A Close Look at the Singapore Math Method

One of the harder things parents have to do when it comes to their child’s schooling is understand a new method of learning. As the Singapore Math Method gains popularity, it’s starting to be used in more schools across the nation, leaving more parents to figure out what this method is all about. A close look at the philosophy and framework of Singapore Math can make it easier to understand what’s going on in your child’s classroom. The Singapore Math Framework The framework of Singapore Math is developed around the idea that learning to problem-solve and develop mathematical thinking are the key factors in being successful in math.The framework states: â€Å"The development of mathematical problem-solving ability is dependent on five inter-related components, namely, Concepts, Skills, Processes, Attitudes, and Metacognition.†Looking at each component individually makes it easier to understand how they fit together to help children gain skills that can help them solve both abstract and real-world problems. 1. Concepts When children learn mathematical concepts, they are exploring the ideas of branches of math like numbers, geometry, algebra, statistics and probability, and data analysis. They’re not necessarily learning how to work the problems or the formulas that go with them, but rather gaining an in-depth understanding of what all of these things represent and look like.It’s important for kids to learn that all of math works together and that, for example, addition doesn’t stand by itself as an operation, it carries on and is a part of all the other math concepts as well. Concepts are reinforced using math manipulatives and other practical, concrete materials. 2. Skills Once students have a solid grasp of the concepts, it’s time to move on to learning how to work with those concepts. In other words, once the students have an understanding of the ideas, they can learn the procedures and formulas that go with them. This way the skills are anchored to the concepts, making it easier for students to understand why a procedure works.In Singapore Math, skills don’t just refer to knowing how to work something out with pencil and paper, but also knowing what tools (calculator, measurement tools,etc.) and technology can be used to help solve a problem. 3. Processes The framework explains that processes â€Å"includes reasoning, communication and connections, thinking skills and heuristics, and application and modeling.†Ã‚   Mathematical reasoning is the ability to look carefully at mathematical situations in a variety of different contexts and logically apply the skills and concepts to problem-solve the situation.Communication is the ability to clearly, concisely and logically use the language of math to explain ideas and mathematical arguments.Connections is the ability to see how math concepts are related to each other, how math is related to other areas of study and how math relates to real life.Thinking skills and heuristics are the skills and techniques that can be used to solve a problem. Thinking skills include things like sequencing, classifying and identifying patterns. Heuristics are the experience-based techniques a child can use to create a representation of a problem, take an educated guess, figure out the process to work through a problem or how to reframe a problem. For example, a child may draw a chart, try to guess and check or solve parts of a problem. These are all learned techniques. Application and modelling is the ability to use what you’ve learned about how to solve problems to choose the best approaches, tools and representations for a certain situation. It’s the most complicated of the processes and takes a lot of practice for children to create math models. 4. Attitudes Children’s are what they think and feel about math. Attitudes are developed by what their experiences with learning math are like.So, a child who has fun while developing a good understanding of concepts and acquiring skills is more likely to have positive ideas about the importance of math and confidence in his ability to solve problems. 5. Metacognition Metacognition sounds really simple but is harder to develop than you might think. Basically, metacognition is the ability to think about how you are thinking.For kids, this means not only being aware of what they are thinking, but also knowing how to control what they are thinking. In math, metacognition is closely tied to being able to explaining what was done to solve it, thinking critically about how the plan works and thinking about alternative ways to approach the problem.The framework of Singapore Math is definitely complicated, but it’s also definitely well thought out and thoroughly defined. Whether you’re an advocate for the method or not so sure about it, a better understanding of the philosophy is key in helping your child with math.

Political Socialization Religious Values Vs. Personal...

Political Socialization: Religious Values vs. Personal Relationships I grew up around a wide variety of environments and an array of people from all walks of life. I was born on the island of Guam, a small US territory in the Pacific. When I was just a baby we moved to Claremore, Oklahoma. My dad was in the Navy and had been put on recruiting duty around Northeast Oklahoma. We would later move on to live in a few more small towns in Oklahoma shortly after. I don’t remember much outside of a few key elements of our house, our big back yard and bits and pieces from my first school in Mustang. I do, however, recall a strong religious influence particularly in the small towns of Inola and Claremore. My parents did not attend church regularly†¦show more content†¦By that point in time nothing really shocked me anymore. I felt open to new ideas, new people and found it easy to adapt to whatever surroundings I found in. This was only solidified with two humanitarian deployments to Africa and Eastern Asia before I finally finished my five-year contract and decided to move back to Tulsa, Oklahoma. So, with my social influences varying heavily depending on which chapter of my life I look at it’s hard to pin point where my political preferences stem. It seems the easiest way would be to start with a topic I have a strong view point on and look at what I see what parts of my life had the most significant impact. The first topic being abortion. Throughout my adult life this is one of the few major political viewpoints that has remained un-wavered. I believe that each human life is precious and the act of casual abortion is immoral. I can trace this ideal to when I was a teenager living in Tulsa. We started as a family of six, but after my older siblings moved out and my mom took my sister after the divorce, it was just me and my dad. He worked two jobs so he was out of the house a lot and I began looking for other ways to occupy my time. I was in a new school and tried my best to make new friends and build relationships but adding that this was my first time in high school to the fact that I was new in town made it difficult. One day after band class a girl invited me to her church after school. I figured whyShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Theory Of Counseling Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesValues, Morals, and Beliefs are components that play a role in an individual’s self-identity. The es tablishment of these components shape human nature, behavior, and the development of an individual’s purpose. The basis of these fundamentals has contributed to my desire to become a counselor. This paper will discuss my views of human nature, factors of behavior changes, goals of therapy, the roles of a therapist, and the counseling approaches that I chose to incorporate in a practice. The understandingRead MoreHome School Legal Defense Association 3116 Words   |  13 Pagesdata from case studies and peer reviewed articles to examine, whether home schoolers who are educated away from the public school are able attain the expected higher academic standards comparable to public school students (PSS). Additionally, socialization, which has plagued homeschoolers will be considered to be a part of this research., Subsequently, the search for answers about the homeschooling success had becomebecame more difficult, due to the abundance of misrepresented information and publicRead MoreMidterm Cheat Sheet2618 Words   |  11 Pages|Infancy: Trust vs. | | |fixations/gratificat|Mistrust—basic needs| | |ion—mistrust of |met=trust; not | | |others, rejection, |met=mistrust | | |love/fear of | | | |intimate | | | |relationships | | |Ages 1-3 |Anal |Early Childhood: | | |Stage—independence, |Autonomy vs | | |personal power, |Shame/Doubt—needsRead MoreMtv Networks: the Arabian Challenge4307 Words   |  18 Pageswhich some experts considered as the biggest launch in the channel’s history. While the market in the Middle East offered MTVN with huge opportunities due to its huge youth populace, MTV’s controversial content that was known for angering religious, political, and conservative communities could easily backfire in the conservative environment prevalent in the region. On the other hand, too much localization to suit the tastes of the region could dilute MTV’s global brand. The case discusses inRead MoreStudy Guide Culture and Media Essay3692 Words   |  15 Pagesportrayed and thus influence the masses. o Dominant portray aspects of life that are related to how society should place value systems. Structure of Organization Structure = same/ content is different, evolves with every society. The media shapes public discourse. o Historically speaking people have looked to the elites/ influential people to base their opinions and values on. o Ideology is different from structure o Structure changes ideology o MaterialïÆ'   idea o FormïÆ'   structure DependingRead MoreLifespan Developmental Psychology: An Overview4022 Words   |  16 Pagesto evaluate and understand it in social, cultural and socioeconomic context. Furthermore, how a child develops a knowledge base over the phase of development and develops a certain behavior our set of behaviors towards those around him, and a relationship between childs mental structure and learning experiences, are major area of developmental theory. There are various perspectives and theories available to understand this development. The better self-approach would be to understand all of themRead MoreConsumer Behavior Study Notes7882 Words   |  32 Pagesexperiences to satisfy needs and desires. 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According to Islam women areRead MoreSocial Trust As An Undesirable Outcome6570 Words   |  27 PagesChina into the debate and demonstrates with some quantitative evidence from a representative national sample that in China, higher levels of social trust are linked to higher levels of political confidence, higher levels of satisfaction with the present condition of democracy, lower levels of support for political reform, and higher levels of engagement in state-sponsored participation. As a result, higher levels of social trust in China should not be viewed as a positive building block but a potentRead MoreGeron Essay7094 Words   |  29 Pagesreunion in heaven | | d. | religious attitudes that emphasized the beauty of heaven and ignored the fires of hell | Nineteenth century mourning customs and the Names Project AIDS Memorial Quilt celebrates the life of the deceased and represents the significance of community. 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Fighting Maternal and Child Malnutrition-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Select a Global Health problem of Interest to you and write a review and analysis of the health problem. Answer: Malnutrition is its different form is regarded as one of the most prominent global problem in todays scenario. It is estimated that more than 35% of death of the children who are less than 5 years old occurs as a result of malnutrition (1). The growth of a child is recognized internationally as an important determinant of public health. It is used for monitoring nutritional status and health parameter of the population. Children who are the victims of the growth retardationarising out of malnutrition mainly suffer from recurrent bacterial infections, which coincide with their poor diet plan. As a result they suffer from infectious disease like pneumonia, malaria and meningitis. Malnutrition is thus a global problem because it increases the outbreak of the infectious disease along with child mortality rates. Child malnutrition is also a driving force behind delayed mental development among the children, reduced intellectual capacity and below average school performance (2). According to the reports published by the WHO, at least 7.6 million children who are under 5-year of age, died in the year 2010 (3). Of these, 7.6 million, 4.879 million died out of infectious disease like pneumonia, malaria and diarrhoea. 3.072 million death occurred during the neonatal stage arising out of the preterm birth complications, neonatal sepsis and meningitis. The condition is more pronounced in countries like India, Pakistan, China, Nigeria and Republican of Congo. Apparently it seems that the death is arising out of the infectious disease however, the actual underlying reason behind this is, children are suffering from malnutrition which makes their immune system weak and less effective to combat against bacterial attack. Thus showing that the affect of malnutrition is affecting the health of the childrenand thereby increasing the rate of mortality rate (3). Malnutrition or under nutrition decreases the survival, development and growth rate among the children. Figure: Global Causes behind Childhood Deaths Source: 3 The condition like childhood malnutrition and maternal under nutrition are linked and includes a wide array of consequences like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) that results in low birth weight (LBW), stunned growth or chronic restriction in growth. The malnutrition resulting from minerals and vitamins deficiencies in diet causes loss of weight and height. Many of the diseased conditions are associated with concomitant micronutrient deficiencies. Themicronutrients include Vitamin A, zinc, and iron and iodine deficiency. Apart from micronutrient deficiencies, undernutrition is also caused as a result of suboptimal breastfeeding. The condition is more significant during the first few years after the birth and thus further highlighting the need of proper nutrition during pregnancy and the association of maternal malnutrition with the childhood malnutrition. Conditions like stunned growth during early childhood, poor fatal growth during third trimester of pregnancy and severe wast ening are associated with the consequences of childhood malnutrition. At least 178 million children who are under 5 years of age suffer from stunned growth and the majority of these children reside in South-Central Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, 55 million children who are suffering from malnutrition are at a high risk of premature death. Children who are born malnourished as a result of IUGR are found incapable of completing their academic career with creditable records along with longer stay at schools. They also earn less after the attainment of the adulthood. They also have poor cognitive development and extremely poor economic potential. This legacy of lower income rate, poor health backup and poor access of adequate nutrition continues to affect the health and the mental stature of their upcoming generation and thus establishing a repetitive cycle of malnourishment (4). Malnutrition prevails in different countries of the world. Several factors are responsible for the promotion of malnutrition. The dominant environmental factors include agriculture, soil erosion, drought and flood. Apart from this, there are also other contributing factors behind malnutrition like cultural barrier, poverty, disease, hunger, illiteracy and other socio-economic problems.Domestic violence or more precisely, physical violence against women procured by their life partner is a serious public health concern and also regarded as the potential cause behind child malnutrition. Women from any nationality can become victims of the Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) regardless of their education degree, income, ethnicity and age (5). According to the reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 15 to 71% of the women population become victims of life-time sexual and physical violence. The principal negative consequence of IPV includes mortality and morbidity am ong women who are in their potent reproductive age.It also gives rise to gastrointestinal problems, gynaecological problems, post-traumatic stress and suicidal activity. These negative consequences of IPV upon women are extended and in turn affect the child health either directly and indirectly. Here indirect affect include withdrawals of the maternal caretaking activities. The women victims of the IPV suffer from psychological and physical problems and thus making them incapable of providing quality care to their children. Moreover, IPV causes unplanned or unintended pregnancy, affecting maternal caretaking behaviour. The direct consequences of IPV include, children who are directly experiencing psychological stress has certain mental blockage that negatively influence their health. IPV occurring directly against women, also make the children more susceptible of coming under the risk of physical maltreatment, leading to malnutrition (6). Studies that have been conducted using the n ationally representative samples showed that there lies an association between the lifetime physical exposureand abuse of sexual IPV and stunned growth among the children who are aged below 5 years in Kenya (7). Economic status and ill healthare inverselyproportional to each other (10). Poverty is another social determinant of childhood malnutrition. According to the World Food Summit, the majority of the people who are residing in the third world countries or the developing countries are residing below the poverty level. They do not have adequate access of food all the time and hence score low in nutritional quotient. This food insecurity has three different hierarchical levels including availability, access and utilization. The availability of food is often scored via proxies occurring at the level of population like national agricultural output. On the other hand, the utilization and access are measured on the parameters based on household and individual levels respectively. Here poverty arises as a result of the unemployment, low wages and lack of education. This food insecurity creates an unhealthy household environment, promoting childhood malnutrition. People who are residing under th e low socio-economic status are most vulnerable of getting affected with food insecurity. This is due to the fact that they lack the purchasing power which can be regarded as a principal determinant of ability-to-afford adequate source of nutritional food. The householdsfalling under the low economic backup, who fail to afford nutritious food or rather say adequate food for their daily living suffer from malnutrition and the condition is mostly prevalent among the children. This malnutrition in turn causes poverty as the malnourished individuals fail to secure good academic excellence and have poor physical strength to perform their best at their professional field. Thus, poverty and malnutrition among the children are mutually exclusive (8). The incidence of malnutrition is 2.7 times higher among the children of the families who reside under the belt of lower household wealth index. Alongside, rapid growth of the population and political commitment case an indirectaffect on childho od malnutrition (11). Figure: Food Insecurity in the Developing countries Source: 8 Inequalities in health or gender biasness are also important determinants of childhood malnutrition. Pronounced gender bias exists in the majority of the countries of South-Asia. The people residing in South Asian countries, with a special mention in India and Pakistan prefer sons to the daughters. This preference arises on the grounds of economic, religious and social stability of sons in comparison to that of daughters. This form of gender discrimination also affects the quality care among the children. Like the daughters are discriminated in the grounds of providence for adequate nutritious food, proper healthcare and education. This results in increased girl child mortality along with the increased reported cases of girl child malnutrition. The preference of sons is extended to such an extent that female fetus is aborted and this case is relevant even to female infanticide. The gender biasness is also reflected in the other basic clinical needs, like immunization and nutrition. T he male children are most likely to receive the minimal banner of nutrition and immunization in comparison to that of the female children. This lack of proper immunization increases the girl child mortality. Moreover, lack of immunization and its relation to mortality rate is further escalated to tenfold via the presence of malnutrition (9). Malnutrition is an overall burden over the childhood mortality and morbidity. It causes more than 20 million of children round the world to suffer from severe wasting. An untold number of students suffer kwashiorkor. Over the decades the basic control policies that were undertaken for the severe acute malnutrition was inpatient rehabilitation. This was assisted with fortified milk formulas. ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is recommended for the treatment of childhood malnutritionby international consensus guidelines. The RUTF is fortified spread in nature that consists of peanut paste, oil, milk powder and a micronutrient supplement. The therapy is applied under the outpatient settings for acute to severe malnutrition. As per double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trail, routine administration of amoxicillin and cefdinir to the out patients children suffering from severe malnutrition showed marked improvements in rate of recovery, mortality rate along with significant impro vements in weight gain and mid-upper circumference of the arms (12). Figure: Nutritional Recovery and Time of Death upon the application of Antibiotics Source: 12 Inspite of having a better outcome, atleast 10 to 15 % of the children from the selected focused group failed to recover from the ill-effects of malnutrition. Moreover, the condition of infectious disease arising out of the poor immune system among the malnourished children continued. The majority of the studies have shown that there is still a high prevalence of infections among the children who were hospitalized for severe malnutrition and this infection was clinically significant. This observation has led to the elucidation of the new treatment guidelines for malnutrition that recommends the routine antibiotic use for both in and out patient students. However, the outpatients students are less likely to have systemic infection in comparison to that of the patients who are admitted with severe malnutrition complication in the inpatient care. However, the contrasting reports suggest that the use of antibiotics among the malnourished children in order to control clinically acquired i nfection is not a solution for malnutrition and perhaps harmful for the children. This is because, unnecessary use of the antibiotics is associated side-effects along with the generation of antibiotic resistance. Moreover, treating malnourished children with RUTF is complex and costly (12). There is a strong sense of association between the maternal education and health of the children. The children who are born to educated mothers, suffer from less from malnutrition which is being manifested among the children in the form of underweight, stunned growth and muscle wasting. Research which is carried out under various settings in Jamaica, Bolivia and Kenya showed that the maternal education is associated with the nutritional outcome among their children (13). There are three prospective links via which maternal education can modulate the health of their children. The first link is the formal education of the mother that directly transfers the gained knowledge of health among the future mothers. Secondly, numeracy and literacy skills, which the women generally acquire during their school education refines their capability toidentifyillness and they seek proper treatment for their children. Additionally, the educated women are in a better position to read the medical instru ction procured by the doctors while nursing their children. Third, proper enlighten of basic education makes the women more receptive towards the modern medicines. Moreover, maternal education has a strong link with the socio-economic structure and children nutritional status. Educated women are more likely to lead a steady life whilegetting posted to higher paying jobs, getting married to established men with higher education with higher income and getting to live in better and hygienicneighbourhood. This has influence both on children mental and physical development. However, educated and established mothers are more likely to suffer from job related stress which gives rise to depression and this depression affects the health of the child leading to poor nutritional outcome. Moreover working mothers generally remains busy and stay away from home for long hours and thus get less time to care for their children. The same logic goes equally well with the father and this lack of care also causes nutritional deficiency among their children (13). Tackling malnutrition among the children is directly associated with the proper achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1 that deals with elimination of hunger and MDG (dealing with child mortality) and MDG 5 (reducing the rate of maternal mortality). The achievement of the majority of these goals in the domain of human development hinges upon the eradication of the childhood malnutrition. The importance of eradication is important because cast a significant impact on productivity, health and proper educational achievement. In spite to this, the African continent, government has either undermined or underestimated or provided a lukewarm attitude towards malnutrition. They showed less interest in investing money and time on malnutrition or ensuring alleviation of the process of malnutrition. Corruption that associated to each level of the governmental sectors is another driving force behind the childhood malnutrition. This corruption prevented the observance of the educat ional and awareness programs in the urban areas alongwith adequate supply of the food to the people who are living below the poverty level. Moreover, the misuse of the government aided funds hasgenerated division among the people and the political wars has caused wastage of money and increased mortality rate among the human race that have increased the consequences of malnutrition. Over the last few decades,the policies framed by the government at the institutional level have neglected the rural and agricultural development. Policies that was planned to reduce close budget gaps like theadjustment programshave ceased huge human development deficits especially among the poor. The first attempt that was made to address the problem of malnutrition among the children was done via "Freedom from Hunger Campaign" which was initiated by the FAO and other developmental agencies. The campaign was aimed to indulge the authorities of the developing countries in examining the reasons of malnutrition and food crisis along with elucidating sustainable solutions. However, such a novel and worthy intention was not been fulfilled in all parts of the world adequatelyafter six decades. Lagos Plan of Action (1980 to 1985) and Regional Food Plan for Africa (1978 to 1990), the neonatal attempt of the government to handle the food security situation on the continent, failed due to gaps in the financial funding and organizational structures. However, African Government has committed to uplift the public expenditure on agricultural needs towards the dawn of the new millennium. This was done via signing the Maputo Declaration on Agriculture and Food Security in the year 2003.This remains as myth rather than transforming into reality. The trend continues ascertaining miserable days with respect to hunger and malnutrition in the majority of the areas in the continent (14). The concerned government failed to ascertain the fight against malnutrition as a priorityas they have not critically measured the weightage of malnutrition. Improving governmental policies for the upliftment of the political will and optimal application of community-adapted strategies in tackling the issues of childhood malnutrition is fundamental. Childhood malnutrition should not only be identified as a public health issue but be given prominence as fundamental human rights especially for the children to eat. Initiating life with a disadvantaged condition, filled with adverse consequences of malnutrition (like mental retardation, ill health, morbidity and mortality) is neglected but cast a prominent in the overall development of the population. The fight against corruption is the only way to cease this problem effectively. Other approaches include:Application of advanced grade agricultural techniques in order to increase the amount of food production. It will help to fight against malnutrition. Provision or the subsidization of the ministries in the domain of agriculture is also required to deliver quality fertilizers, framing genetica lly modified food, which are capable of growing under adverse weather conditions and promotion of the overall improvement of yield. Apart from agriculture, improvement of the transport system, is also required, which will provide adequate access to the locals to trade local food products in order to raise the incomes of the families, especially important for the group of population who reside below the poverty line. Observance of the baseline surveys are also important to ascertain the prevailing socio-cultural peculiarities exiting among separatecommunity during the proper implementation of the practical program. Such observations are vital and will help in the avoidance of the vertical programs. The ministry of environmental health of the all the countries must indulge in awareness programs in order to safe guard the degrading condition of the surrounding environment. Sustainable and feasible irrigation programs must be rapidly scaled up. This should be done in the areas, which ar e majorly affected by drought. In the developing countries the solution of the problems associated with malnutrition encompasses a multi-sectoral approach with must contain well defined and proper achievable goals. The ministries of education, health, agriculture, environment, universities and the research organisations including both governmental and non-governmental or international must work together in sync for tangible outcomes (14). Future research involving the proper acceptability of the modern agricultural technologies, latest farming techniques and genetically modified foods should be strictly undertaken. The socio-cultural peculiarities of the milieu are the basic rulethat needs to be understood. Implementing some of the health promotion programs might sound complex and unproductive as they are vertical and culturally in adapted but effort must be taken to resolve the same. Implication of the proper community representatives in the programs from the initial planning stage can be cited as the principal determinants of the ownership, sustainability and acceptability of the program. References: Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Campbell H, Cibulskis R, Li M, Mathers C. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet. 2012 Jun 15;379(9832):2151-61. Acosta AM, Fanzo J. Fighting maternal and child malnutrition: analysing the political and institutional determinants of delivering a national multisectoral response in six countries. A synthesis paper. Report prepared for DFID. Sussex, UK: Institute of Development Studies. 2012 Apr. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000 Bhutta ZA, Salam RA. Global nutrition epidemiology and trends. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2012;61(Suppl. 1):19-27. Flury M, Nyberg E, Riecher-Rossler A. Domestic violence against women: definitions, epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Swiss Med Wkly. 2010 Sep 2;140(6). Ziaei S, Naved RT, Ekstrm EC. Women's exposure to intimate partner violence and child malnutrition: findings from demographic and health surveys in Bangladesh. Maternal child nutrition. 2014 Jul 1;10(3):347-59. Rico E, Fenn B, Abramsky T, Watts C. Associations between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child nutrition and mortality: findings from Demographic and Health Surveys in Egypt, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health. 2011 Apr 1;65(4):360-7. Psaki S, Bhutta ZA, Ahmed T, Ahmed S, Bessong P, Islam M, John S, Kosek M, Lima A, Nesamvuni C, Shrestha P. Household food access and child malnutrition: results from the eight-country MAL-ED study. Population health metrics. 2012 Dec 13;10(1):24. Singh A. Gender based within-household inequality in childhood immunization in India: changes over time and across regions. PloS one. 2012 Apr 11;7(4):e35045. Chalasani S. Understanding wealth-based inequalities in child health in India: a decomposition approach. Social Science Medicine. 2012 Dec 31;75(12):2160-9. Sahu SK, Kumar SG, Bhat BV, Premarajan KC, Sarkar S, Roy G, Joseph N. Malnutrition among under-five children in India and strategies for control. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine. 2015 Jan;6(1):18. Trehan I, Goldbach HS, LaGrone LN, Meuli GJ, Wang RJ, Maleta KM, Manary MJ. Antibiotics as part of the management of severe acute malnutrition. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 Jan 31;368(5):425-35. Abuya BA, Ciera J, Kimani-Murage E. Effect of mothers education on childs nutritional status in the slums of Nairobi. BMC pediatrics. 2012 Jun 21;12(1):80. Bain LE, Awah PK, Geraldine N, Kindong NP, Siga Y, Bernard N, Tanjeko AT. Malnutrition in SubSaharan Africa: burden, causes and prospects.Pan African Medical Journal. 2013;15(1).

The Ladder I Climb free essay sample

I walk into my first accounting class: the teacher stands in front of the door, and says, â€Å"Welcome to accounting. You will learn a lot and have fun over the next year.† We are handed a textbook and start the first lesson. I look around the room. Kids listen intently. It then dawns on me that I’m not the only person who doesn’t know much about the class. I’m not alone. I wasn’t always comfortable, though. I had to climb a ladder to get to that point. And it started at my first baseball game. Instead of watching the players, I added numbers on the video board. And my passion for numbers emerged. As I got older, I collected baseball cards. And I studied their stats: how many homeruns they hit, the player’s total hits, their career batting average, and the pitcher’s earned run average. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ladder I Climb or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And I memorized it all. Analyzing stats became my new fixation. By age 13, my obsession with statistics developed from admiring numbers to examining patterns. Then I began predicting stats players would produce by the end of their season and career. In middle school, I improved in math because I was adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers while scrutinizing baseball stats. I started appreciating math, as much as I valued analyzing baseball stats. One of my favorite math experiences was playing math 24—a game were I had to manipulate numbers to get an end result of 24. It was similar to the math I was doing while studying stats. Like most kids, I had a dream job. I wanted to become the general manager of a baseball team. But the older I got, the more I understood that dream served more as a fantasy. I didn’t want to give up on my dream, but the chance of it happening was small. I needed to think of a plan B—a career more obtainable. I wanted a job involving math, but I didn’t know what I wanted to be. But then I came across accounting. At first, I hesitated. What do accountants do? How much do they make? Will the job be in demand in the year 2018? Though I didn’t have much knowledge, my curiosity and interests helped me select the course for my sophomore schedule. Finishing my first accounting class, I see my teacher. He gestures to me to talk to him. â€Å"You seem like a smart kid, Austin. It’s going to be a good year.† I grab my books and watch my peers gather their things and walk out. I look down at my accounting book, look up at the board, and think to myself, â€Å"This is what I’m going to do one day.†

An Introduction to Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC)

An Introduction to Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) The Akaike Information Criterion (commonly referred to simply as AIC) is a criterion for selecting among nested statistical or  econometric models. The AIC is essentially an estimated measure of the quality of each of the available econometric models as they relate to one another for a certain set of data, making it an ideal method for model selection. Using AIC for Statistical and Econometric Model Selection The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was developed with a foundation in information theory. Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics concerning the quantification (the process of counting and measuring) of information. In using AIC to  attempt to measure the relative quality of econometric models for a given data set, AIC provides the researcher with an estimate of the information that would be lost if a particular model were to be employed to display the process that produced the data. As such, the AIC works to balance the trade-offs between the complexity of a given model and its goodness of fit, which is the statistical term to describe how well the model fits the data or set of observations. What AIC Will Not Do Because of what the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) can do with a set of statistical and econometric models and a given set of data, it is a useful tool in model selection. But even as a model selection tool, AIC has its limitations. For instance, AIC can only provide a relative test of model quality. That is to say that AIC does not and cannot provide a test of a model that results in information about the quality of the model in an absolute sense. So if each of the tested statistical models are equally unsatisfactory or ill-fit for the data, AIC would not provide any indication from the onset. AIC in Econometrics Terms The AIC is a number associated with each model: AICln (sm2) 2m/T Where m is the number of parameters in the model, and sm2  (in an AR(m) example) is the estimated residual variance: sm2 (sum of squared residuals for model m)/T. That is the average squared residual for model m. The criterion may be minimized over choices of m to form a trade-off between the fit of the model (which lowers the sum of squared residuals) and the models complexity, which is measured by m. Thus an AR(m) model versus an AR(m1) can be compared by this criterion for a given batch of data. An equivalent formulation is this one: AICT ln(RSS) 2K where K is the number of regressors, T the number of observations, and RSS the residual sum of squares; minimize over K to pick K. As such, provided a set of econometrics models, the preferred model in terms of relative quality will be the model with the minimum AIC value.

Oaxaca Arts Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oaxaca Arts Analysis - Term Paper Example The Oaxacan art identifies itself with the mountainous region in southern Mexico. Art was made, in the form of ceramics, carvings from wood and in textiles. Examples of some of the iconic pieces include Frida, Kahlo and the famous Zapotec themes. Mexican art is related to their cultural functions. The art is also themed according famous days in the Mexican calendar, for example, the day of the dead and other important days, since in Mexico art goes correlates with culture (Giordano, 1994). Ceramics Ceramic art is an integral part of the Oaxacan Art. The region has a type of clay that is black in color. This is the reason why the ceramics in Oaxacan Art are black in color. The color of the clay made the ceramic the perfect canvas for an artist to use their imaginations on since the color makes it possible for the use of a wide range of colors on the ceramics. The distinguishing feature of Oaxaca art is the black pottery painted with vibrant colors. The ceramics included pottery and ce ramic figurines. Another form of pottery that was common was green pottery, which was created by glazing. The final product was pottery with a glaze that was green. This is an illustration of Spanish persuasion in Oaxacan art since the Spanish settlers favored this method. The green poetry was commonly used for cooking and as utensils. The figurines created by ceramics included figures of the Virgin Mary, Frida, Kahlo. Figurines were also created for celebrations like the Day of the Dead and Zapotec (Ward, E. S., Ward, W. E., and Cleveland Institute of Art, 1986). Woodcarvings Oaxacan art is also renowned for its woodcarvings. These carvings are known as Alebrijes a term coined by a great Oaxacan artist Pedro Linares to describe his work that involved Paper Mache art. In the Oaxacan carvings, the trees commonly used by artists include the cider tree and an indigenous tree the Tzompantli but the favorite wood for the artists is the Copalillo wood. The carvings are usually carved into animal figures and shapes.  Ã‚  

Research proposal in the public service (public services for example Essay

Research proposal in the public service (public services for example police, fire service etc...) - Essay Example are some of the important types of public services which a government arranges for the general public. With growing population, widening areas of services, growing public expectations, constant monitoring by the public and the media besides the government appointed regulatory mechanism the public services offices have come under severe pressure to perform well. The police services for example are now under pressure to sniff the terror plots being hatched by terrorists. In addition the crimes like online identity theft, internet banking frauds etc. are further addition to the list of crimes that the local police department is supposed to investigate. The manpower and resources on the other hand has not been match up with the exponential numbers and types of crimes. It is under such circumstances that at some places, question marks are being raised about the effectiveness of the public services. Discussions are also being held to figure out the possible remedial measures that could be taken up by the government/s to make such services more effective and efficient. The main intention of the study is to develop a better understanding of the concepts of public services in general and their effectiveness in these challenging times. During the study an effort would be made to study some of the recent incidents where the role of public services has been quite constructive. In addition, some such incidents will also be analysed where the role of public services has been criticised in the media or amongst the intelligentsia. The study will try to seek answers to the following key objectives. i. To analyze the availability of some pre-identified public services with respect to the numbers of people. This will involve comparison of per capita availability of such services in different regions. ii. What types of expectations do the general populace have from the government of the day iii. Find out the impact of public private cooperation in some fields. As a part of the corporate social responsibility, a number of corporate houses have also come forward in lending a helping hand to the people and the government. An effort would be made to assess how successful such associations proved in the recent past. iv. As responsible citizens we too have a responsibility towards the state and nation, which implies that we must allow the public service offices to function in an effective manner without hampering their cause or without burdening them with our irresponsible behaviour. An effort would therefore be to assess how conscious the citizens are towards their duty as responsible citizens in making the public services more effective. v. Analyse some of the public services like Fire services, police services, health services etc. This will be an effort to point out some areas which require attention in order to make such services more effective. Approach Research approaches and methods radically influence research content and, consequently, the policies designed in response to that content. If carried out in an objective manner, research not only helps the researcher in knowing about many unknown aspects, but it often provides a benchmark for future researches as well. This thesis is more of a qualitative case study which focuses on an

Descriptive Essay Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Essay Essay My nose is overwhelmed with the smell of hairspray, baby powder, and a fruity perfume. There are too many girls in here, all struggling and fighting for a space near the mirror that covers the entire back wall. It’s dim in here, but it’s a good kind of dim, almost calming. The only light is coming from the round vanity bulbs that line the top of the mirrors, making it so that the fluorescents don’t impair what natural light reveals. I make my way to the red lockers on the right, squeezing past two of my fellow giggling cast-members as they try to make their way out the swinging door. After opening my locker, personalized with my name stickered on the front in purple sparkly letters, I get out my bulking make-up bag and curling iron. My eyes dart across the room in search of an available outlet, hoping one even still exists within the chaos. I look around the base of the walls near the white and blue tiled floor, trying not to get annoyed at all the hair straighteners that are just sitting there unused and warming. I roll my eyes and sigh, I could be finished curling my hair by the time the straightener’s owner even picks it up to begin taming their frizzy head. I shouldn’t be surprised though, this is always how the dressing room is an hour before the first show. Arms full of beauty products, and attempting to keep my curling iron’s cord from dragging across the floor or getting stepped on by the constant rush of people moving about the small room. I finally spot someone unplugging her phone charger from the wall and jump on the opportunity to steal an outlet before anyone else notices. I set my curling iron on the highest possible heat and click â€Å"turbo-mode. † I will apologize to my hair later for the abuse. The counter beneath the mirror is covered in bronzer powder, used eyeliner pencils, and countless lost bobby pins. I slide my arm across the objects askew making them into messy pile in the corner. This isn’t my ideal â€Å"getting ready† station, but it’ll do. I’m just grateful to have secured a spot near the mirror and outlet; you’d be surprised how stressed one can become when they don’t have a place to get ready thirty minutes before it’s time to take places on stage. I look in the mirror, face naked and hair in a messy bun, and realize I have a lot of work to do. I spot my best friend and fellow lead in the corner near the sink, already in full costume and stage make-up, peering down at her script in concentration. I smile to myself; it’s so typical of her to be trying to memorize her song lyrics at the last minute, but I know she’ll be great. The stage manager walks in to announce that we only have a few more minutes to get ready before show-circle, urging us to get a move-on. In light of the excitement, I see one of my friends pull out her iPod and speakers and I know exactly what is coming. Nothing pumps you up before show more than rocking out to show-tunes and dancing while you pat blush on your cheeks and fluff your hair. One our unanimous favorites being the Disney song from Mulan, â€Å"I’ll Make A Man Out Of You,† in which literally everyone sings at the top of their lungs without hesitation or missing a beat. Mouth open wide putting on mascara, the finishing touch to my stage make-up, I start bursting out laughing as one of my friends jumps on a chair wearing nothing but a sports bra and boy-shorts and begins to dramatically sing into a hairbrush. I absolutely love these crazy theatre people. I quickly remove the hair-tie from my bun and brush out my ginger curls, swaying to the music at the same time. I’m so lucky to be playing the part of a horrible, mean, dirty, inn-keepers wife – meaning that I pretty much just have to make my hair into a rat’s nest in order to look the part. Perfect, considering I only have about ten minutes to transform. I pack up all my brushes and different shades of eye shadow, currently wearing the darkest shade of grey I could find, shove them in my bag without the intent to be organized, and head for the costume closet. Everyone is throwing off their t-shirts and athletic shorts and getting into their eighteenth century French peasant costumes. I open the door to the closet and find, not to my surprise, even more people digging around looking for lost items of clothing. The floor is covered with clothes and costume jewelry, and I can’t imagine how anyone is supposed to find anything in here. I keep my costume in the corner, all confined and zipped up in a dress-bag. Sifting through my multiple costumes I find my first outfit change. It consists of an ugly green dress with floral patterned strings lacing the top together, a white puffy shirt to go underneath, black tights, a hideous striped apron, and scraped black character shoes. I leave cramped closet and begin to feel slightly claustrophobic. Either from the heat of so many bodies in one place or due to the fact that I have to shove myself against the wall in order to have any space to lay my clothes out, I begin to get anxious and feel the need to just get this over with and escape the crowd. Once dressed and ready to go, I check myself in the mirror for the last time and apply a dark shade of lipstick that says: â€Å"I hate my life, love scamming people, and absolutely despise my husband. † A perfect fit for the role of â€Å"Madame Thenardier† whom I will be portraying shortly. I leave the dressing room to meet up with the rest of the cast, everyone looking like they just stepped out of a French battle scene in order to set the opening scene. Outside the dressing room it is open, cool, and quiet – quite a drastic change compared to the loud and stuffy dressing room. Our director announces that the show will start in five minutes and in one giant herd everyone rushes out of the dressing room, closets, bathrooms, and black-box and makes it back-stage. I can almost physically feel the energy of the cast seeping into my own skin giving me a boost. I hang back for a bit, muttering a few lines of excitement and encouragement to my friends before approaching the water fountain in attempt to cure my rather out-of-no-where dry throat. I gulp down a few mouthfuls and wipe the remaining water on my sleeve and follow the rest of the cast back-stage. It’s dark and my eyes take a while to adjust, guiding myself with the light that is coming from beneath the giant dark red curtains. Everyone is quiet, shuffling around looking for props on the labeled tables and attempting to put the finishing touches on their costumes. The only sound to be heard is the mumble of hundreds of audience members just a few yards away. A feeling in the pit of my stomach settles in, and my heart begins to race. My senses enhance, and I can hear individual conversations from across the curtain. I try to pick out any familiar voices that may be waiting behind the red wall, but I know it is unlikely with such a large amount of people. My stage manager whispers to everyone to get into place, the show is about to start. I feel my way across the dark stage and stand in my assigned position. No one says a word. Adrenaline begins to pump through my veins and I have to resist the emptation to peek under the curtain to see how many people will be watching. Silence slowly falls over the unseen audience. All I hear is the breathing of my fellow cast-members beside me, and a few footsteps as the last few people find their spots. All lights from beneath the curtain go off, and I am now standing in complete darkness. I can hear my heart pounding in my ears and my stomach feels as if it is about to fall through the floor. I rub my sweaty palms against my apron, close my eyes, and take a deep breath. The curtain opens.

The Prisoners Dilemma and the Ability of Firms to Collude :: Business Economics Management Essays

The Prisoners Dilemma and the Ability of Firms to Collude An oligopoly is a market consisting of a few large interdependent firms who are usually always trying to second-guess each other's behaviour. There is a high degree of interdependence between each firm in the industry meaning individual firms must take into account the effects of their actions on their rivals, and the course of action that will follow as a result on behalf of the rival firm which will also have consequences. The market as we will see is also allocatively inefficient as price is above marginal cost. There are barriers to entry and exit in an oligopoly meaning that potential new firms will have huge costs if they try to enter the industry and sometimes firms collude in order to prevent new firms from becoming any threat. For example if a new firm tries to enter the industry the cartel can quite easily reduce its prices in the short run so as to remove the new firm. An example of a heavy barrier to entry for new firms is the cost of National or even International adver tising. As a result of the firms being interdependent, there are various varieties of collusion in oligopolies to try and create some stable space for the firms to operate in. There are three kinds of collusion:  · cartel (contractual)  · covert  · tacit Cartels usually exist where there are agreements between incumbent firms with prices so that they can share what would be monopoly supernormal profits between them, acting as a monopoly. Firms will get together to decide to restrict the output and raise the price, for example OPEC (Organisation for Petroleum Exporting Countries). In the UK legally binding agreements in cartels are against the restrictive practices legislation and are therefore illegal. Some cartels last longer than others do as some cartels may break contracts. Some examples of cartels include Rowntrees, Cadbury's, the concrete industry with three firms (Rugby, Blue Circle and United). An example of covert collusion would be the cement industry, which was found guilty of rigging contracts and was fined eight million pounds. Tacit collusion is forming implicit contracts as if they are colluding; for example the soap powders industry. In this type of market rather than competing using prices, non-price competition occurs. Examples of non-price competition are special offers, advertising and quality of service, all of which are to establish their own brand loyalty and maintain a high concentration ratio of the market.

Oedipus the King Essay

One of the most important literary devices used by Sophocles in his play Oedipus the King is what is known to modern critics as the â€Å"Greek Chorus. † The chorus was an important part of Greek tragedy, not only in the plays of Sophocles, but in the work of many other playwrights as well. Sophocles, in addition to incorporating well-known myths and historical motifs into his play, used the chorus as an additional method by which to ensure the audience’s understanding of the action on the stage. He also used the chorus to help the audience to feel a sense of a participation in the action of the play and to direct their sense of the plot and to focus the audience’s sympathy on appropriate characters. The use of the chorus in Greek tragedy was, as mentioned, a common literary device, but Sophocles is well known for being a creative adapter of conventions and in his hands, the chorus functions in myriad capacities, some obvious and some subtle. In order to appreciate the importance of the chorus in a play like Oedipus the King, it is crucial to first have an understanding of how the chorus traditionally functioned in Greek tragedy. Physically, the chorus was made up of â€Å"an anonymous group of fifteen† (Taplin 12) who, in addition to functioning as characters within the play, proper, also participated in the orchestra, providing â€Å"musical accompaniment [†¦ ] on the aulos, a double pipe with reeds [†¦ ] the aulos-player stood in the orchestra, also in tragic costume† (Taplin 12). The chorus also chanted, snag, and danced â€Å"the choral odes which divide the acts of tragedy† (Taplin 12) while occasionally singing or chanting † in lyric dialogue with the actors† (Taplin 12) . In addition to these roles, the traditional chorus also featured a leader: â€Å"the koryphaios, probably distinguished slightly by costume† (Taplin 12) who might also contribute dialogue to the play. Furthermore, the chorus held a connotation for Greek audiences which is all but unknowable to modern observers and this connotation relates to the presence of â€Å"chorale† bodies of chorus-like arrangements in everyday Greek society. Even the rudimentary aspects of the chorus in its theatrical incarnation: singing and dancing, held for the Greeks, a very different social and cultural resonance than for moderns. In Greek life, † a chorus was an integral part of many communal occasions, religious and secular—festivals, weddings, funerals, victory celebrations,† (Taplin 13) and the chorus also helped to lend a sense of ritual and ceremony to â€Å"all ‘festive’ occasions in Greek life† (Taplin 13). As such, the chorus as a literary device held for the Greeks in relation to theater: â€Å"a prominent and important place [†¦ ] in the performance as a whole† (Taplin 13). The distinction between ancient and modern observers is a very important distinction to make when discussing the Greek chorus as a literary device. Quite simply, for the modern observer, the best understanding of the function of the chorus may well be that the modern observer should regard the chorus as a kind of bridge between the mythical action of the play and the audience who observes this action. In fact some critics assert that this â€Å"bridge† role was also intended by Greek playwrights who used the chorus and specifically intended to be used this way by Sophocles in Oedipus the King. For these critics, the chorus represents â€Å"an â€Å"ideal spectator† that directs our thought and attention† (Hogan 44) and this is an intentional function of the chorus as a literary device as adopted by Sophocles. Obviously, in its function as a bridge between the audience and the action on the stage, the chorus in Oedipus the King plays a pivotal, rather than decorative role. For example, in relating a sense of irony to the audience, the chorus is used by Sophocles specifically â€Å"On three occasions† (Hogan 21) to provide a focal point of ironic realization on the audience’s behalf. Therefore, when â€Å"Oedipus defends his innocence [†¦ ] both he and the chorus of Athenians remain profoundly sensitive to the pollution that still clings† (Hogan 21) while, similarly, when â€Å"Oedipus rationalizes the murder† (Hogan 21) he invokes the sense of the chorus-as-court-of-law. The irony, of course, being that both the chorus and the audience are sympathetic to the plight of Oedipus just as it is hoped on Oedius’ behalf that â€Å"A court of law would be sympathetic† (Hogan 21). Another example is when Oedipus speaks to the chorus and says: â€Å"I pray god that the unseen killer, whoever he is, and whether he killed alone or had help, be cursed with a life as evil as he is, a life of utter human deprivation. † (Sophocles 28, 297-300). Here, the coryphaeus, or leader of the chorus, also speaks lines which, ironically, indicate that he â€Å"is thinking of the killer, who is much nearer for questioning than he knows† (Hogan 36). Each of these uses of the chorus by Sophocles heightens the sense of irony in the play while simultaneously promoting a sense of audience involvement and, obviously, forwarding the plot of the tragedy. The chorus is exceptionally important as a device in helping to direct the action of the play to and through the climax. The verbal interplay between Oedipus and the chorus increases near the end of the play. By inspecting â€Å"Oedipus’ words (and to the Chorus’) during the final part of the play, we will learn what beliefs and allegiances have survived† (Sophocles 14) and what little glimmer of redemption can be said to exist in the play’s tragic climax and aftermath can be gleaned from the words of the chorus, which close the play. Although Oedipus’ closing speeches are filled with pain and lamentation, the human world remains to him as â€Å"he hears the voice of the Chorus. Clarity and poise return as he tells the Chorus it was Apollo who destroyed his life, but that it was he and no one else who chose to strike out his own eyes† (Sophocles 14). The chorus,then, emerges as the target Oedipus’s confession and the implied target of the â€Å"moral† of his story. The audience, of course, is the chorus and vice-versa, so that the closing lines of the play: â€Å"Don’t call a man god’s friend until he has come through life and crossed over into death never having been god’s victim† (Sophocles 67, 1765-1766) emerge as the cathartic â€Å"lesson† distilled from the mythic action of the story, by way of the chorus, to enrich the audience’s understanding. Works Cited Hogan, James C. A Commentary on the Plays of Sophocles. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Trans. Robert Bagg. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1982. Taplin, Oliver. Greek Tragedy in Action. London: Routledge, 2003.

Mansa Musa Great Leader of the Malinké Kingdom

Mansa Musa was an important ruler of the golden age of the Malinkà © kingdom, based on the upper Niger River in Mali, West Africa. He ruled between 707–732/737 according to the Islamic calendar (AH), which translates to 1307–1332/1337 CE. Malinkà ©, also known as Mande, Mali, or Melle, was founded around 1200 CE, and under Mansa Musas reign, the kingdom leveraged its rich copper, salt, and gold mines to become one of the richest trading empires in the world of its day. A Noble Inheritance Mansa Musa was the great-grandson of another great Mali leader, Sundiata Keita (~1230-1255 CE), who established the Malinkà © capital at the town of Niani (or possibly Dakajalan, there is some debate about that). Mansa Musa is sometimes referred to as Gongo or Kanku Musa, meaning the son of the woman Kanku. Kanku was the granddaughter of Sundiata, and as such, she was so Musas connection to the legitimate throne. Fourteenth-century travelers report that the earliest Mande communities were small, clan-based rural towns, but under the influence of Islamic leaders such as Sundiata and Musa, those communities became important urban trading centers. Malinke reached its height by about 1325 CE when Musa conquered the cities of Timbuktu and Gao. Growth and Urbanization of Malinkà © Mansa Musa—Mansa is a title meaning something like king—held many other titles; he was also the Emeri of Melle, the Lord of Mines of Wangara, and the Conquerer of Ghanata and a dozen other states. Under his rule, the Malinkà © empire was stronger, richer, better organized, and more literate than any other Christian power in Europe at the time. Musa established a university at Timbuktu where 1,000 students worked towards their degrees. The university was attached to the Sankorà © Mosque, and it was staffed with the finest jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians from the scholarly city of Fez in Morocco. In each of the cities conquered by Musa, he established royal residences and urban administrative centers of government. All of those cities were Musas capitals: the center of authority for the entire Mali kingdom moved with the Mansa: the centers where he was not currently visiting were called kings towns. Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina All of the Islamic rulers of Mali made pilgrimages to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, but the most lavish by far was Musas. As the richest potentate in the known world, Musa had full right of entry into any Muslim territory. Musa left to see the two shrines in Saudi Arabia in 720 AH (1320–1321 CE) and was gone for four years, returning in 725 AH/1325 CE. His party covered great distances, as Musa toured his western dominions on the way and back. Musas golden procession to Mecca was immense, a caravan of an almost inconceivable 60,000 people, including 8,000 guards, 9,000 workmen, 500 women including his royal wife, and 12,000 slaves. All were dressed in brocade and Persian silks: even the slaves carried a staff of gold weighing between 6-7 pounds each. A train of 80 camels each carried 225 lbs (3,600 troy ounces) of gold dust to be used as gifts. Every Friday during the sojourn, wherever he was, Musa had his workmen build a new mosque to supply the king and his court with a place to worship. Bankrupting Cairo According to historical records, during his pilgrimage, Musa gave away a fortune in gold dust. In each of the Islamic capital cities of Cairo, Mecca, and Medina, he also gave an estimated 20,000 gold pieces in alms. As a result, prices for all merchandise rocketed in those cities as the recipients of his generosity rushed to pay for all kinds of goods in gold. The value of gold quickly depreciated. By the time Musa returned to Cairo from Mecca, he had run out of gold and so he borrowed back all the gold he could get at a high rate of interest: accordingly, the value of gold in Cairo mounted to unprecedented heights. When he finally returned to Mali, he immediately repaid the vast loan plus interest in a single astounding payment. Cairos money lenders were ruined as the price of gold fell through the floor, and it has been reported that it took at least seven years for Cairo to fully recover. The Poet/Architect Es-Sahili On his homeward journey, Musa was accompanied by an Islamic poet he met in Mecca from Granada, Spain. This man was Abu Ishaq al-Sahili (690–746 AH 1290–1346 CE), known as Es-Sahili or Abu Isak. Es-Sahili was a great storyteller with a fine eye for jurisprudence, but he also had skills as an architect, and he is known to have built many structures for Musa. He is credited with building royal audience chambers in Niani and Aiwalata, a mosque in Gao, and a royal residence and the Great Mosque called Djinguereber or Djingarey Ber which still stands in Timbuktu. Es-Sahilis buildings were built primarily of adobe mud brick, and he is sometimes credited with bringing the technology of adobe brick to West Africa, but archaeological evidence has found baked adobe brick near the Great Mosque dated to the 11th century CE. After Mecca The Mali empire continued to grow after Musas trip to Mecca, and by the time of his death in 1332 or 1337 (reports vary), his kingdom stretched across the desert to Morocco. Musa eventually ruled a swath of central and northern Africa from the Ivory Coast in the west to Gao in the east and from the great dunes bordering Morocco to the forest fringes of the south. The only city in the region which was more or less independent from Musas control was the ancient capital of Jenne-Jeno in Mali. Unfortunately, Musas imperial strengths were not echoed in his descendants, and the Mali empire fell apart shortly after his death. Sixty years later, the great Islamic historian Ibn Khaldun described Musa as distinguished by his ability and holiness... the justice of his administration was such its memory is still green. Historians and Travelers Most of what we know of Mansa Musa comes from the historian Ibn Khaldun, who collected sources about Musa in 776 AH (1373–1374 CE); the traveler Ibn Battuta, who toured Mali between 1352–1353 CE; and the geographer Ibn Fadl-Allah al-Umari, who between 1342–1349 talked with several people who had met Musa. Later sources include Leo Africanus in the early 16th century  and histories which were  written in the 16th–17th centuries by Mahmud Kati and Abd el-Rahman al-Saadi. See Levtzion for a detailed list of these scholars sources. There are also records about the reign of Mansa Musa located in the archives of his royal Keita family. Sources Aradeon SB. 1989. Al-Sahili : the historians myth of architectural technology transfer from North Africa. Journal des Africanistes 59:99-131.Bell NM. 1972. The Age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in Succession and Chronology. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 5(2):221-234.Conrad DC. 1994. A Town Called Dakajalan: The Sunjata Tradition and the Question of Ancient Malis Capital. The Journal of African History 35(3):355-377.Goodwin AJH. 1957. The Medieval Empire of Ghana. The South African Archaeological Bulletin 12(47):108-112.Hunwick JO. 1990. An Andalusian in Mali: A contribution to the biography of Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, 1290-1346. Paideuma 36:59-66.Levtzion N. 1963. The Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Kings of Mali. The Journal of African History 4(3):341-353.